It can be both an adjective and a standalone pronoun; it doesn't necessarily go directly with a noun.but quī, quae, quod, is an "adjective" interrogative pronoun.*
I explain the matter more fully here; see especially A.1.3) & 4) and C. In the case of Carthage, quae sum? would mean roughly "what feminine (and more or less personified) thing am I?"
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